概述
沟灌（furrow irrigation）与漫灌（flood/ basin irrigation）是甘蔗传统灌溉方式中常见的地表灌溉形式。不同灌溉制度通过改变土壤含水量的时空分布，影响土壤溶液体积、渗流路径、根际气候和微生物群落，从而改变N、P、K在土壤—根系系统中的时空分布与迁移出路。已有研究强调土壤质地与水分状况是决定养分淋失风险的重要因素：例如，砂质土壤的低持水性会增加灌溉或降雨后养分向下淋洗的概率，从而提升硝态氮和可溶性养分的下渗损失风险；该类土壤特征在田间试验的土壤分析与水分背景描述中被明确提出并用于解释养分损失现象。[S10]
灌溉对主要损失路径的影响（基于现有证据的要点）
- 淋失（leaching）—— 田间资料与方法学研究表明，土壤水的迁移是硝态氮向更深土层及地下水迁移的主驱动力；在易排水或低水持力的土层中，灌溉引起的向下渗流容易携带溶解性氮（尤其是硝态氮）离开根区并进入渗漏或地下径流通道。对糖蔗系统中调控淋失的研究亦常将土壤结构与灌溉制度作为关键变量来设计观测和解释。[S10][S1]
- 挥发（volatilization）—— 现有被许可文献片段中并未提供关于地表灌溉条件下氨挥发量随灌溉方式变化的直接测定数据；因此灌溉对挥发损失的具体影响在本草稿中作为待考证项列出，需现场气体通量或相关同位素追踪数据来检验。[S7]
- 固定与沉积（固定/吸附、沉积）—— 关于磷的掩埋/固着（例如被吸附到土壤胶体或形成不溶化合物）与灌溉方式的关系，在现有开放来源节选材料中没有直接实验结论可用于确证；因此磷在不同灌溉制度下的“固定率”应视为研究缺口，需以土层深度分布和有效P提取法（例如Mehlich-3）的系统观测来补证。[S3][S10]
甘蔗系统中影响肥料利用效率（FUE）的关联因子
- 施肥时点与分次施用：在若干甘蔗田间研究与管理规范中，氮、钾常采取分次施用以匹配作物需肥敏感期。举例：一项研究报告了N与K在作物生育期内分期施用的具体时间节点（首施在1 MAT/MAH，二次施在5 MAT/MAH），而磷通常以基肥方式施入；该类施肥时序是田间试验设计与现场管理中常用的变量之一，应作为评估灌溉-施肥耦合效应的基本因子纳入试验设计。[S3]
- 土壤物理化学改良物质（如生物炭）的作用：针对糖蔗或类似土壤的试验显示，使用蔗渣生物炭等外加剂可以改变土壤水分与氮素运移特征，从而降低硝态氮的淋失量并改变土壤溶液中的养分动态；这提示在比较灌溉方式时，应考虑有/无改良剂作为处理因子，以评估其对肥料保留与作物吸收的调节作用。[S1]
- 根际微生物与菌根：丛枝菌根与其他根际微生物群落在调节植物养分吸收（尤其是P和部分微量元素）方面具有潜在作用；相关转录组与网络分析研究指出，微生物—植株互作可改变植物的营养吸收能力。因此在评估灌溉对FUE的影响时，考虑根际生物学因素（如AM真菌接种或群落监测）有助于解释作物吸收差异的生物学基础。[S8][S2]
试验设计要素（用于可审计、可比的田间对比试验）
建议的核心设计因子与观测指标（每项下列出参考或设计依据）：
1) 处理设置（最小含义集合）：
- 灌溉方式：沟灌（furrow）与漫灌（flood）至少两组处理；可增加节水或分段灌溉变体以形成梯度比较（设计理由：直接比较表面灌溉形态）。[S5]
- 施肥方案：基肥与分次施肥（参考已有分次时间点：1 MAT/MAH 与 5 MAT/MAH）；同时考虑含/不含生物炭或有机改良剂的处理组以测试缓释/吸附效应。[S3][S1]
- 土壤类型或床层：选择具有代表性的土壤质地（例如砂质/壤土/黏土）并作为分层因子，以检验土壤持水性对淋失与FUE的调节作用（理由：砂质土壤易发生淋失）。[S10]
2) 实验布局与重复：随机区组设计（RCBD）或分割区组设计（若处理因子多），每处理至少3个重复，观测地块尺寸与隔沟布置应满足渗漏水样采集和灌溉控制的可行性（基于田间灌溉管理与机械化操作的现实要求）。[S5]
3) 观测频次与指标：
- 土壤溶液与渗漏水：在不同土层深度（例如0–20 cm，20–60 cm等）周期性采样检测NO3−-N、NH4+-N、溶解性P、速效K浓度；同时设置底部渗漏收集器或地下径流采样器以量化淋失通量（以直接测定淋失为目的）。[S1][S7][S10]
- 作物吸收与产量：通过茎叶与根样本测定营养元素含量以估算作物吸收量，并记录商品产量与生物量以计算单位产量养分效率（作物吸收量与施入量的对比作为FUE核心资料）。[S3]
- 根际生物学指标：采集根际土壤样与根系样本用于AM菌根菌丝含量或根际微生物群落的宏基因组/转录组分析，以评估微生物对养分吸收的潜在贡献（作为解释变量）。[S8][S2]
- 土壤物性与水量平衡：测定土壤含水量、田间持水量、渗透系数与灌溉入水量以编制水量平衡表，辅助解释养分迁移路径与速率。[S10]
4) 数据处理与核心计算项：
- 养分平衡表（施入量—作物吸收—田间残留—淋失/导出）与单位产量养分需求；
- 各处理在相同时段的淋失通量比较与统计检验；
- 若条件允许，引入同位素示踪或标志化合物以更精确区分土壤原位N来源与施肥N的命运（该项在现有被许可资料中未有具体实验数据，视为进一步设计建议）。[S1][S3]
依据文献支撑与主要限制（证据与空白）
可用于直接参考的证据片段包括：关于蔗渣生物炭能显著改变土壤中硝态氮淋洗行为的实验性陈述（提示改良剂可作为试验因子）[S1]；关于甘蔗根际微生物与菌根在营养吸收方面具有影响力但分子机制仍需解读的转录组与网络分析研究说明了生物因素的重要性与研究方向[ S8 ][ S2 ]；以及在田间试验中常用的施肥分期与时间节点实例，为设计施肥-灌溉耦合实验提供了可借鉴的时间框架与方法学参考。[S3][S10]
主要证据限制/注意事项：目前获权文献片段中缺乏直接开展“沟灌对比漫灌在同一土壤-气候条件下对N、P、K时空迁移与损失通量（淋失、挥发、固定）进行连续量化监测”的完整公开田间数据集；挥发（氨）与P固定过程在不同灌溉方式下的量化比较在现有节选来源中未见直接测量结论。因此这类问题属于本综述草稿列出的待考证事项，需要现场观测或公开数据集来填补证据链。[S7][S10]
结论性要点（基于可核查证据）
- 土壤持水性与入水-出水过程是决定灌溉导致养分淋失风险的关键物理条件；在易淋失的砂质土壤中，地表灌溉更易引发氮素向下迁移的风险，需要在试验与管理中予以重点监测与控制。[S10]
- 改良剂（如蔗渣生物炭）在若干试验中显示出减缓硝态氮淋失的潜能，应在灌溉—施肥耦合研究中作为有望的调节因子进行并列对照试验。[S1]
- 根际生物学（包括AM真菌与微生物群落）的变化与营养吸收效率高度相关，灌溉制度通过改变土壤水分与氧化还原状态可能间接影响此类生物学机制，因此微生物指标应作为解释FUE变化的必备辅助观测项。[S8][S2]
来源资料
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Synergistic Effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar and Eisenia fetida Enhance Biogenic Stabilization of Sewage Sludge and Sugar Industry Waste Through Vermicomposting Modeling the spatial distribution of crop sequences at a large regional scale using land-cover survey data: A case from France New insight into the impact of biochar during vermi-stabilization of divergent biowastes: Literature synthesis and research pursuits Preincubation and vermicomposting of divergent biosolids exhibit vice versa multielements stoichiometry and earthworm physiology Pyrolytic temperatures impact lead sorption mechanisms by bagasse biochars An econometric analysis of major Chinese food crops: An empirical study Sugarcane bagasse biochars impact respiration and greenhouse gas emissions from a latosol The antibiotic activity and mechanisms of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse extract against food-borne pathogens Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. I: Sugarcane bagasse Producti；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13113537
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Rhizosphere microbiome dynamics and hormonal interactions regulating tiller development in sugarcane cultivars；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13149797
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Timing and Duration of Drought Differentially Affect Growth and Yield Components Among Sugarcane Genotypes Photosynthesis and water relations in Brazilian sugarcane Carbon partitioning in sugarcane (Saccharum species) Sugarcane Responses at Water Deficit Conditions Beyond sugar and ethanol production: Value generation opportunities through sugarcane residues Physiological and agronomic traits of certain sugarcane genotypes grown under field conditions as influenced by early drought stress Climate variability and rainfed sugarcane production: Thailand a case study Sugarcane breeding, germplasm development and supporting genetics research in Thailand Determination of planting season of sugarcane at Kuraz sugar development project, Southern Ethiopia Effects of duration and combination of drought and flood conditions on leaf photosynthesis, growth and sugar content in sugarcane Genotypic variation in transpiration efficiency due to differences in photosynthetic capacity among sugarcane–rel；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11902036
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Mechanistic Insights into Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition by Sugarcane Polyphenols: A Structural and Kinetic Study Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China Health consequences of obesity and projected future obesity health burden in China Potential lipase inhibitor from underutilized part of Andrographis paniculata: Targeted isolation and mechanism of inhibition Orlistat for the long-term treatment of obesity Orlistat: A review of its use in the management of obesity Tannin fraction of pistachio green hull extract with pancreatic lipase inhibitory and antioxidant activity In-vitro functional efficacy of extracts from Phyllanthus emblica, Eucalyptus globulus, Tinospora cordifolia as pancreatic lipase inhibitor and source of anti-oxidant in goat meat nuggets Flowers of Allium cepa L. as Nutraceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Effects in Caenorhabditis elegans Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by coffee leaves-derived polyphenols: A mechani；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13164236
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Developing new sugarcane varieties suitable for mechanized production in China: principles, strategies and prospects In silico identification of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genome encoded microRNAs targeting sugarcane bacilliform virus An overview of the development of mechanization harvesting technology for sugarcane in China Screening of candidate genes associated with brown stripe resistance in sugarcane via BSR-seq analysis Transgenic sugarcane with a cry1Ac gene exhibited better phenotypic traits and enhanced resistance against sugarcane borer Particle bombardment of the cry2A gene cassette induces stem borer resistance in sugarcane Rhizosphere bacterial community characteristics over different years of sugarcane ratooning in consecutive monoculture Current situation and improvement measures of the mechanization of sugarcane production A first look at the ability to use genomic prediction for improving the ratooning ability of sugarcane Improving sugarcane for biofuel: en；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10802142
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Process optimisation and genomic analysis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by Mycolicibacterium smegmatis using sugarcane bagasse 2018/02/01/). Perspectives on the production, structural characteristics and potential applications of bioplastics derived from polyhydroxyalkanoates 2024/04/22). Kinetics and synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by a putative-mutant of Bacillus licheniformis 2020/08/01). Optimization of nitrogen source supply for enhanced biosynthesis and quality of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by extremely halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei 2022/01/07/). Dynamic mathematical model development and validation of in vitro Mycobacterium smegmatis growth under nutrient- and pH-stress 2019/12/01). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time Nov 18). Identifying feasible metabolic routes in Mycobacterium smegmatis and possible alterations under diverse nutrient conditions Hydrolysate production；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13046884
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：A Methodological Refinement for Evaluating Adoption of Priority Practices for Water Quality Improvement in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef Motivators and barriers to adoption of Improved Land Management Practices. A focus on practice change for water quality improvement in Great Barrier Reef catchments Review and conceptual models of agricultural impacts and water quality in waterways of the Great Barrier Reef catchment area Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach Effect of perspective taking on the cognitive representation of persons: a merging of self and other Putting adjustment back in the anchoring and adjustment heuristic: Differential processing of self-generated and experimenter-provided anchors Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment The effects of perspective-taking on prejudice: The moderating role of self-evaluation Assessment of the water quality and ecosystem health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): conce；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13099839
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Transcriptome and WGCNA Reveal the Key Genes of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Regulating Sugarcane Growth and Nutrient Absorption；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12224041
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Overexpression of Abiotic Stress-Responsive SsCor413-1 Gene Enhances Salt and Drought Tolerance in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Hybrid)；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12563639
- 来源网站：europepmc.org；原始文件名：Physiological and Proteomic Responses of Sugarcane to Water Deficit Stress: Insights from a Self-Fertilized Clone；原始链接：https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12692149
来源与版权状态仍须人工审核；未核实资料不得公开。